Optimising the surveillance of Aedes aegypti in Brazil by selecting smaller representative areas within an endemic city.

OBJECTIVES: Arboviruses, such as dengue (DENV), zika (ZIKV), and chikungunya (CHIKV), constitute a growing urban public health threat. Focusing on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, their primary vectors, is crucial for mitigation. While traditional immature-stage mosquito surveillance has limitations, capturing adult mosquitoes through traps yields more accurate data on disease transmission. However, deploying traps presents logistical and financial challenges, demonstrating effective temporal predictions but lacking spatial accuracy. Our goal is to identify smaller representative areas within cities to enhance the early warning system for DENV outbreaks. METHODS: We created Sentinel Geographic Units (SGUs), smaller areas of 1 km2 within each stratum, larger areas, with the aim of aligning the Trap Positivity Index (TPI) and Adult Density Index (ADI) with their respective strata. We conducted a two-step evaluation of SGUs. First, we examined the equivalence of TPI and ADI between SGUs and strata from January 2017 to July 2022. Second, we assessed the ability of SGU's TPI and ADI to predict DENV outbreaks in comparison to Foz do Iguaçu's Early-Warning System, which forecasts outbreaks up to 4 weeks ahead. Spatial and temporal analyses were carried out, including data interpolation and model selection based on Akaike information criteria (AIC). RESULTS: Entomological indicators produced in small SGUs can effectively replace larger sentinel areas to access dengue outbreaks. Based on historical data, the best predictive capability is achieved 2 weeks after infestation verification. Implementing the SGU strategy with more frequent sampling can provide more precise space-time estimates and enhance dengue control. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of SGUs offers an efficient way to monitor mosquito populations, reducing the need for extensive resources. This approach has the potential to improve dengue transmission management and enhance the public health response in endemic cities.

Combinatorial effects between aromatic plant compounds and chlorhexidine digluconate against canine otitis-related Staphylococcus spp.

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens necessitates novel treatment strategies, particularly in veterinary medicine where otitis in dogs is very common in small animals' clinical routines. Considering this challenge, this study explores the efficacy of aromatic plant compounds (APC), including eugenol (EUG), trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), and geraniol (GER), and their synergistic potential when combined with the antiseptic agent chlorhexidine (CLX), offering insight into alternative therapeutic approaches. The disk diffusion assay revealed differential sensitivity of Staphylococcus spp. strains to the tested compounds, with EUG and GER showing moderate inhibition zones and TC displaying considerably larger inhibition zones. Further analysis through MIC and MBC determinations suggested that EUG required the highest concentrations to inhibit and kill the bacteria, whereas TC and GER were effective at lower concentrations. Combined with CLX, all three plant-derived compounds demonstrated a significant enhancement of antibacterial activity, indicated by reduced MIC values and a predominantly synergistic interaction across the strains tested. GER was the most potent in combination with CLX, presenting the lowest mean FICi values and the highest fold reductions in MIC. This study emphasizes the APC's potential as an adjunct to conventional antimicrobial agents like CLX. The marked synergy observed, especially with GER, suggests that such combinations could be promising alternatives in managing bacterial otitis in dogs, potentially mitigating the impact of antibiotic resistance.

Tetralogy of Fallot with an Anomalous Course of the Brachiocephalic Vein.

CLINICAL DATA: Infant, 11-month-old, male, diagnosis of Tetralogy of Fallot with retrotracheoesophageal course of the brachiocephalic vein. Usual findings of Tetralogy of Fallot on physical examination. Technical description: Chest radiography showed slightly reduced pulmonary vascular markings and no cardiomegaly. Normal preoperative electrocardiogram with postoperative right bundle branch block. Usual findings of Tetralogy of Fallot on echocardiogram. Postoperative computed tomography angiography confirmed left brachiocephalic vein with anomalous retrotracheoesophageal course, configuring a U-shaped garland vein, in addition to postoperative findings of total correction of Tetralogy of Fallot. OPERATION: Complete surgical repair was performed with pulmonary valve commissurotomy and placement of bovine pericardial patch to solve right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, pulmonary trunk enlargement, and ventricular septal defect closure. COMMENTS: Systemic venous drainage may show variations in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot. These abnormalities are usually of little clinical relevance, as they are asymptomatic. We presented a rare case of retrotracheoesophageal course of an anomalous left brachiocephalic vein with intraoperative diagnosis, confirmed by imaging during postoperative follow-up, without compromising clinical management or surgical approach.

Coexistência de doenças autoimunes: oportunidade para a associação de imunobiológicos? / Coexisting autoimmune diseases: an opportunity to associate immunobiologicals?

O tratamento das doenças autoimunes com imunobiológicos é uma opção segura na prática clínica. A simultaneidade na ocorrência de doenças imunomediadas em um mesmo indivíduo pode determinar a necessidade da associação dos imunobiológicos para controle dos sintomas e melhora da qualidade de vida dos doentes. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com artrite reumatoide em uso de etanercepte, que necessitou da associação de omalizumabe para o tratamento de urticária crônica espontânea.

Autoimmune diseases can be safely treated in clinical practice with immunobiologicals. The simultaneous occurrence of multiple immune-mediated diseases in the same individual could require a combination of immunobiologicals to control symptoms and improve quality of life. We report the case of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis who was receiving etanercept and required additional omalizumab for chronic spontaneous urticaria.

CA 15-3, CRP, and LDH correlates with prognostic parameters in canine mammary neoplasms.

The identification of putative prognostic factors in canine mammary neoplasms (CMNs) has been focused on tissue-specific biomarkers, but the serum biomarkers, including cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), c-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have been demonstrated to display clinical application in cases of CMNs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of these serum biomarkers and their association with well-established prognostic factors in CMNs. Samples from 15 female canines with CMNs and 15 clinically healthy ones were collected. The results were evaluated using the Tukey's, Pearson, or Spearman tests. The cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in a logistic regression model (P<0.05). The levels of CA 15-3, CRP and LDH were significantly higher in the serum of female dogs with CMNs compared to the healthy ones. Moreover, these factors were positively correlated with ulceration, tumor size, histopathological grade, metastatic lymph node, and clinical staging. Female dogs with CMNs were found to exhibit highest serum levels of CA 15-3, CRP, and LDH. Therefore, they can be applied to improve the efficacy of the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation in casas of CMNs.

Distribución espacio-temporal y factores relacionados con la sífilis congénita en el nordeste brasileño / Distribuição espaço-temporal e fatores relacionados à sífilis congênita no nordeste brasileiro / Spatiotemporal distribution and factors related to congenital syphilis in the brazilian northeast

Objetivo: Analizar la dinámica espacio temporal y los factores socioeconómicos asociados a la incidencia de sífilis congénita en el Nordeste en el periodo de 2008 a 2018. Método: Estudio ecológico desarrollado con casos de sífilis congénita ocurridos en el Nordeste y notificados en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación. Se utilizaron métodos de análisis espacial y temporal para identificar tendencias y conglomerados de la enfermedad, así como un modelo de regresión lineal para señalar indicadores relacionados con la sífilis congénita, utilizando una significación del 5%. Resultados: La incidencia de sífilis congénita mostró un aumento significativo en todos los estados nordestinos ((p<0,001), con las mayores tasas y conglomerados localizados principalmente en los municipios del litoral de la región. Las variables asociadas a la incidencia de sífilis congénita en el Nordeste fueron: porcentaje de nacidos vivos con bajo peso al nacer (p<0,001), porcentaje de nacidos vivos con al menos siete consultas prenatales (p<;0,001), Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDHM) (p<0,001), ingreso per cápita (p<0,001), porcentaje de pobres (p<0,001), porcentaje de personas de 18 años o más con educación primaria completa (p = 0,02) y tasa de analfabetismo (p<0,001). Conclusión: Hubo un aumento en la incidencia de sífilis congénita durante el período analizado y conglomerados de tasas altas en la costa de los estados nordestinos. (AU)

Objetivo: Analisar a dinâmica espaço-temporal e os fatores socioeconômicos associados à incidência de sífilis congênita no Nordeste no período de 2008 a 2018.Método: Estudo ecológico desenvolvido com casos de sífilis congênita ocorridos no Nordeste e notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Foram empregados métodos de análises espacial e temporal para identificar a tendências e clusters da doença, bem como modelo de regressão linear para apontar indicadores relacionados à sífilis congênita empregando-se significância de 5%. Resultados: A incidência de sífilis congênita apresentou crescimento significativo em todos os estados nordestinos (p<0,001), com as maiores taxas e clusters localizados prioritariamente em municípios ao longo do litoral da região. As variáveis associadas à incidência de sífilis congênita no Nordeste foram: percentual de nascidos vivos com baixo peso ao nascer (p<0,001), percentual de nascidos vivos com pelo menos sete consultas de pré-natal (p<0,001), Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDHM)(p<0,001), renda per capita (p<0,001), percentual de pessoas pobres (p<0,001), percentual de pessoas de 18 anos ou mais de idade com ensino fundamental completo (p = 0,02) e taxa de analfabetismo (p<0,001).Conclusão: Verificou-se um crescimento na incidência de sífilis congênita ao longo do período analisado e clusters de altas taxas no litoral dos estados nordestinos. (AU)

Aim: To analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics and socioeconomic factors associated with the incidence of congenital syphilis in the Brazilian Northeast from 2008 to 2018. Method: An ecological study conducted on cases of congenital syphilis in the Northeast and notified in the Information System of Notifiable Diseases. Methods of temporal and spatial analysis were applied to identify trends and clusters of the disease as well as a model of linear regression to point out indicators related to congenital syphilis with a 5% significance level. Results: The incidence of congenital syphilis has significantly increased in all states of the Northeast (p<0.001), with higher indexes and clusters mostly in municipalities of the coast region. The variables associated with the incidence of congenital syphilis in the Northeast were: percentage of alive newborns with low birth weight (p<0.001), Human Development Index (p<0.001), income per capita (p<0.001), percentage of poor people (p<0.001), percentage of people with 18 years or more with complete basic education (p<0.001), and illiteracy rate (p<0.001). Conclusion: it was verified that incidence of congenital syphilis during the period analyzed and high indexes clusters in the coast of the Northeast coast. (AU)

Tetralogy of Fallot with an Anomalous Course of the Brachiocephalic Vein

ABSTRACT Clinical data: Infant, 11-month-old, male, diagnosis of Tetralogy of Fallot with retrotracheoesophageal course of the brachiocephalic vein. Usual findings of Tetralogy of Fallot on physical examination. Technical description: Chest radiography showed slightly reduced pulmonary vascular markings and no cardiomegaly. Normal preoperative electrocardiogram with postoperative right bundle branch block. Usual findings of Tetralogy of Fallot on echocardiogram. Postoperative computed tomography angiography confirmed left brachiocephalic vein with anomalous retrotracheoesophageal course, configuring a U-shaped garland vein, in addition to postoperative findings of total correction of Tetralogy of Fallot. Operation: Complete surgical repair was performed with pulmonary valve commissurotomy and placement of bovine pericardial patch to solve right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, pulmonary trunk enlargement, and ventricular septal defect closure. Comments: Systemic venous drainage may show variations in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot. These abnormalities are usually of little clinical relevance, as they are asymptomatic. We presented a rare case of retrotracheoesophageal course of an anomalous left brachiocephalic vein with intraoperative diagnosis, confirmed by imaging during postoperative follow-up, without compromising clinical management or surgical approach.

Effect of the seed coating with biomass of Dunaliella salina on early plant growth and in the secondary metabolites content of Coriandrum sativum.

The environmental and health risks associated with the application of synthetic chemical inputs in agriculture increased the demand for technologies that allow higher performance and quality of vegetable crops by implementing synergistic materials with the principles of sustainability. In this work, the seed coating with the biomass of Dunaliella salina incorporated in a bioplastic film of Manihot esculenta (cassava) was evaluated as an initial growth and secondary compounds stimulator of Coriandrum sativum (coriander) plants. The obtained results demonstrated that the coating stimulated an increase in the germination percentage (28.75%) and also in concentration of bioactive compounds, such as the six-fold increment of caffeic acid (13.33 mg 100 g-1). The carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins present in the microalgae biomass seem to be responsible for these increments once they are known for providing energy to the seedling development and coordinating the secondary metabolites synthesis. As conclusion, we consider the coating with biomass of D. salina an alternative for crop improvement that contributes to the development of sustainable agricultural practices.

Dinâmica temporal e espacial e fatores relacionados à mortalidade por suicídio entre idosos / Temporal and spatial dynamics and factors related to suicide mortality among the elderly

OBJETIVO: Analisar a dinâmica temporal e espacial e os fatores associados à mortalidade por suicídio entre idosos (≥60 anos de idade) no Nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico que analisou os óbitos por suicídio ocorridos entre idosos na região Nordeste do Brasil, no período de 2010 a 2019. Foram realizadas análise temporal por Joinpoint, análise espacial segundo município de residência e análise multivariada pelo modelo Ordinary Least Squares Estimation, considerando-se p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: No período analisado, foi observado crescimento significativo de 3,0% (IC95%: 1,1-4,9; p < 0,001) ao ano na mortalidade por suicídio. Espacialmente, as taxas mais elevadas foram observadas prioritariamente em municípios do Piauí, Ceará e Rio Grande do Norte. Foram identificados quatro clusters de suicídio estatisticamente significativos (p < 0,001). O cluster primário (2010-2019) abrangeu 141 municípios do Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte e Paraíba, que apresentaram risco 2,3 vezes maior de ocorrência de suicídio quando comparados aos demais municípios da região. Os indicadores índice de Gini (ß = 14,02; p = 0,01), taxa de analfabetismo (ß = 0,20; p < 0,001) e taxa de envelhecimento (ß = 0,36; p = 0,02) apresentaram associação positiva com o suicídio entre idosos, enquanto razão de dependência (ß = -0,31; p < 0,001) e taxa de desocupação (ß = -0,25; p < 0,001) apresentaram associação negativa. CONCLUSÃO: Houve aumento significativo do suicídio entre idosos na região Nordeste, com maior concentração em quatro clusters espaciais localizados prioritariamente no Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí e Rio Grande do Norte. A associação com indicadores socioeconômicos reforça aspectos de vulnerabilidade dos idosos a esse tipo de agravo e auxilia na formulação de propostas de intervenções que promovam a sua redução.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal and spatial dynamics and factors associated with suicide mortality among the elderly (≥60 years of age) in Northeast of Brazil. METHODS: This is an ecological study that analyzed deaths from suicide among elderly people in the Northeast region of Brazil, from 2010 to 2019. Temporal analysis by Joinpoint, spatial analysis according to municipality of residence and multivariate analysis by the Ordinary Least Squares Estimation model were performed, considering p < 0.05. RESULTS: During the analyzed period, a significant increase of 3.0% (95%CI: 1.1-4.9; p < 0.001) per year in suicide mortality was observed. Spatially, the highest rates were observed in municipalities of Piauí, Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte. Four statistically significant suicide clusters were identified (p < 0.001). The primary cluster (2010-2019) covered 141 municipalities in Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba, which presented a 2.3 times higher risk of suicide when compared to other municipalities in the region. The Gini index indicators (ß = 14.02; p = 0.01), illiteracy rate (ß = 0.20; p < 0.001) and aging rate (ß = 0.36; p = 0.02) showed a positive association with suicide among the elderly, while the dependency ratio (ß = -0.31; p < 0.001) and unemployment rate (ß = -0.25; p < 0.001) had a negative association. CONCLUSION: There was a significant increase in suicide among the elderly in the Northeast region, with a greater concentration in four spatial clusters located primarily in Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte. The association with socioeconomic indicators reinforces aspects of vulnerability of the elderly to this type of injury and helps in the formulation of intervention proposals that promote its reduction.

Dinámica espacio-temporal y factores asociados al suicidio entre jóvenes en el Nordeste de Brasil: un estudio ecológico / Dinâmica espaço-temporal e fatores associados ao suicídio entre jovens no Nordeste do Brasil: um estudo ecológico / Space-time dynamics and factors associated with suicide among young people in Northeastern Brazil: an ecological study

Objetivo: Analizar el patrón espacio-temporal de los padres asociado a la muerte por suicidio en jóvenes del Nordeste. Método: Estudio ecológico que analizó las muertes por suicidio en jóvenes de 15 a 24 años de la Región Nordeste. Para el análisis temporal y espacial se utilizó el software Joinpoint, a través de dos métodos Bayesiano Empírico local, Índice Moran Global y Local y la técnica de estadística espacial de barrido Scan. Para identificar los factores asociados a la mortalidad se utilizó el modelo multivariado de estimación de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. Resultados: El suicidio juvenil mostró un aumento significativo (p <0.001) de 2.8% por año en la región Noreste durante el período de estudio. El análisis de dispersión de Moran identificó grupos espaciales de muertes en los estados de Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte y Paraíba. El método Scan identificó seis grupos estadísticamente significativos de suicidio. Los indicadores porcentaje de desempleados de 15 a 24 años (β = -0,05; p=0,02) y porcentaje de vulnerables a la pobreza (β = -0,06; p=0,03) mostraron una asociación negativa, mientras que la tasa de analfabetismo de 18 a 24 años (β = 0,15; p=0,01) y el porcentaje de personas de 18 a 24 años con primaria completa (β = 0,09; p<0,001) mostraron una asociación positiva con la mortalidad por suicidio entre los jóvenes. Conclusiones: Hubo un aumento significativo de suicidios entre los jóvenes de la región Nordeste. Los conglomerados con las tasas de suicidio más altas se encuentran predominantemente en el estado de Piauí. Cuatro indicadores socioeconómicos están asociados con el suicidio entre los jóvenes de la región. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the space-time pattern and the factors associated with suicide mortality among young people in northeastern Brazil. Method: An ecological study that analyzed suicide deaths among young people aged 15 to 24 years in the Northeast region. Joinpoint software was used for temporal analysis and spatial analysis was carried out using local empirical Bayesian methods, Global and Local Moran Index and scanning spatial statistics technique. The multivariate model Ordinary Least Squares Estimation was used to identify the factors associated with mortality. The Scan scanning method identified six statistically significant spatial suicide clusters. Results: Suicide among young people showed significant growth (p<0.001) of 2.8% per year in the Northeast region in the period studied. Moran's scattering analysis identified spatial clusters of deaths in the states of Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba. The indicators: percentage of unemployed from 15 to 24 years (β = -0.05; p=0.02) and percentage of vulnerable to poverty (β =-0.06; p=0.03) had a negative association, while the illiteracy rate from 18 to 24 years (β= 0.15; p=0.01) and the percentage of people aged 18 to 24 years with complete elementary school (β = 0,09; p<0,001) positive association with suicide mortality among young people. Conclusions: There was a significant increase in suicide among young people in the Northeast region. Clusters with the highest suicide rates were located in the state of Piauí. Four socioeconomic indicators were associated with suicide among young people in the region. (AU)

Objetivo: Analisar o padrão espaço-temporal e os fatores associados à mortalidade por suicídio entre jovens no Nordeste brasileiro. Método: Estudo ecológico que analisou os óbitos por suicídio entre jovens de 15 a 24 anos ocorridos na Região Nordeste. O software Joinpoint foi utilizado para a análise temporal e a análise espacial se deu por meio dos métodos Bayesiano Empírico Local, Índice de Moran Global e Local e a técnica de estatística espacial de varredura Scan. Para identificar os fatores associados à mortalidade foi utilizado o modelo multivariado Ordinary Least Squares Estimation. Resultados: O suicídio entre jovens apresentou crescimento significativo (p<0,001) de 2,8% ao ano na região Nordeste no período estudado. A análise de espalhamento de Moran identificou aglomerados espaciais de óbitos nos estados do Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte e Paraíba. Já o método de varredura Scan identificou seis aglomerados espaciais de suicídio estatisticamente significativos. Os indicadores: percentual de desocupados de 15 a 24 anos (β = -0,05; p=0,02) e percentual de vulneráveis à pobreza (β = -0,06; p=0,03) apresentaram associação negativa, enquanto que a taxa de analfabetismo de 18 a 24 anos (β = 0,15; p=0,01) e o percentual de pessoas de 18 a 24 anos de idade com ensino fundamental completo (β = 0,09; p<0,001) apresentaram associação positiva à mortalidade por suicídio entre jovens. Conclusões: Houve aumento significativo do suicídio entre jovens na região Nordeste. Os aglomerados com maiores taxas de suicídio localizaram-se predominantemente no estado do Piauí. Quatro indicadores socioeconômicos estiveram associados ao suicídio entre jovens na região. (AU)

Post Ligation Cardiac Syndrome: an Educational Presentation.

Although technically simple, surgical correction of patent ductus arteriosus can have serious complications. In this context, acute ventricular failure must be remembered, as its prompt diagnosis and proper management can change clinical outcomes.

Post Ligation Cardiac Syndrome: an Educational Presentation

ABSTRACT Although technically simple, surgical correction of patent ductus arteriosus can have serious complications. In this context, acute ventricular failure must be remembered, as its prompt diagnosis and proper management can change clinical outcomes.

Effectiveness of ginger in reducing pressure levels in persons with diabetes: placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial / Efectividad del jengibre en la reducción de los nivelesde presión en personas con diabetes: ensayo clínico aleatorizado controlado con placebo / Eficácia do gengibre na redução dos níveis pressóricos em pessoas com diabetes: ensaio clínico randomizado controlado por placebo

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of ginger in reducing blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes. Method: randomized, double-blind clinical trial, conducted with people with type 2 diabetes, in primary health care units. Were included individuals aged between20 and 80 years, using oral antidiabetics and with glycated hemoglobin values between 6% and 10%. The participants were allocated in two distinct groups and randomized in blocks. In the experimental group, participants used 1.2 g of ginger, and in the control group, 1.2 g of a placebo, daily, for 90 days. 103 people completed the study, 47 in the experimental group, and 56 in the controlgroup. Results: the participants in the experimental group showed a reduction in blood pressure values compared to the control group, although not statistically significant. Conclusion: in our analysis, the use of ginger was not able to reduce blood pressure levels in people with diabetes.

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia del jengibre para reducir la presión arterial en personas con diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego, realizado con personas con diabetes tipo 2, en unidades de atención primaria de salud. Se incluyeronindividuos con edades comprendidas entre 20 y 80 años, que usaban antidiabéticos orales y tenían valores de hemoglobina glucosilada entre el 6 y el 10%. Los participantes fueron asignados en dos grupos distintos y asignados al azar en bloques. En el grupoexperimental, los participantesutilizaron 1,2 g de jengibre, y en el grupo de control, 1,2 g de un placebo, diariamente, durante 90 días. 103 personas completaron elestudio, 47 en el grupo experimental y 56 en el grupo de control. Resultados: los participantes del grupo experimental mostraron una reducción en los valores de presión arterial en comparación con el grupo control, aunque no estadísticamente significativa. Conclusión: en nuestro análisis, el uso de jengibre no logró reducir los niveles de presión arterial en personas con diabetes.

Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia do gengibre na redução da pressão arterial em pessoas com diabetes tipo 2. Método: ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego, realizado com pessoas com diabetes tipo 2, em unidades básicas de saúde. Foram incluídos indivíduos com idade entre 20 e 80 anos, em uso de antidiabéticosorais e com valores de hemoglobina glicada entre 6% e 10%. Os participantes foram alocados em dois grupos distintos e randomizados em blocos. No grupo experimental, os participantes usaram 1,2 g de gengibre e, no grupo controle, 1,2 g de placebo, diariamente, por 90 dias. 103 pessoas completaram o estudo, 47 no grupo experimental e 56 no grupo de controle. Resultados: os participantes do grupo experimental apresentaram redução dos valores pressóricos em relação ao grupo controle, embora sem significância estatística. Conclusão: em nossa análise, o uso de gengibre não foi capaz de reduzir os níveis pressóricos em pessoas com diabetes.

Padrão espaço-temporal e indicadores associados ao suicídio / Spatiotemporal pattern and indicators associated with suicide

Objetivo: analisar o padrão espaço-temporal e os indicado-res associados à ocorrência do suicídio. Métodos: estudo ecológico que analisou os óbitos por suicídio notificados no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Para as análises temporal e espacial, foram empregados os métodos Joinpointe varredura Scan, respectivamente. A análise multivariada foi realizada pelo modelo Ordinary Least Squares Estimation, considerando-se p<0,05. Resultados: foi observado cresci-mento significativo da mortalidade por suicídio de 4,2% ao ano. As maiores taxas de mortalidade bayesiana variaram de 8,90 a 13,49 óbitos por 100.000 habitantes. Foram identifi-cados cinco clusters espaciais estatisticamente significativos (p<0,050). O cluster primário abrangeu 64 municípios, com risco de suicídio 1,38 vezes maior (p<0,001). Os indicadores associados ao suicídio foram Taxa de urbanização (ß=0,07; p=0,020) e Emprego & renda (ß=-9,40; p=0,030). Conclu-são: houve aumento significativo do suicídio, sendo identi-ficados cinco aglomerados espaciais. Os indicadores Taxa de urbanização e Emprego & renda se mostraram associados ao agravo. (AU)

Distribuição espacial e temporal do suicídio no nordeste do brasil / Spatiotemporal distribution of suicide in northeastern brazil / Distribución espacial y temporal del suicidio en el noreste de brasil

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o padrão espacial e temporal da mortalidade por suicídio no Nordeste do Brasil no período 2008-2018. Método: estudo ecológico que utilizou dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, do Ministério da Saúde - Brasil. A tendência temporal foi avaliada pelo método Joinpoint. A formação de aglomerados espaciais de suicídio foi avaliada pela função de autocorrelação espacial e técnica estatística de varredura Scan puramente espacial. Resultados: a maioria dos óbitos ocorreu entre indivíduos do sexo masculino (79,5%), pardos (76,8%), solteiros (59,2%), de 20 a 49 anos (61,7%). Observou-se crescimento estatisticamente significativo do suicídio em seis dos nove estados nordestinos (p<0,05). De acordo com a função de autocorrelação espacial e estatística Scan, os aglomerados espaciais de óbitos estavam localizados predominantemente no Piauí e Ceará. Conclusão: os achados reforçam a necessidade de se direcionarem as estratégias de prevenção do agravo para os municípios de maior ocorrência. DESCRITORES: Suicídio; Mortalidade; Análise Espaço-Temporal; Estudos Ecológicos; Epidemiologia.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the sociodemographic profile of interpersonal violence associated with alcohol consumption in São Paulo-SP, Brazil. Method: a cross-sectional study carried out through notifications of suspected or confirmed cases of interpersonal violence from the Notifiable Diseases Information System submitted between 2016 and 2019. Collection took place between March and June 2020. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were performed in the statistical analysis. Results: 27,775 notifications were obtained, whose prevalent profile was female victims (60.6%), aged between 20 and 34 years old (41.4%), brown- or black-skinned (51%), and with complete high school (18.8%). Physical violence was more frequent (81.9%), perpetrated by an intimate partner (20.3%), motivated by sexism (9.9%) and generational conflict (11.2%). In sexual violence, rape prevailed with 69.4% and there was a low supply of emergency contraception methods (14.7%). Conclusion: the study contributes to reflections and subsidies in the planning of public policies to control the problem.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el patrón espacial y temporal de la mortalidad por suicidio en el Noreste de Brasil en el período 2008-2018. Método: estudio ecológico que utilizó datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad, Ministerio de Salud - Brasil. La tendencia temporal se evaluó mediante el método Joinpoint. La formación de clústeres espaciales de suicidio se evaluó mediante la función de autocorrelación espacial y la técnica estadística puramente espacial Scan. Resultados: la mayoría de las muertes se produjeron en individuos de sexo masculino (79,5%), de raza mixta (76,8%), solteros (59,2%), de 20 a 49 años (61,7%). Se observó un aumento estadísticamente significativo de los suicidios en seis de los nueve estados del noreste (p<0,05). Según la función de autocorrelación espacial y las estadísticas de Scan, los clústeres espaciales de muertes se localizaron predominantemente en Piauí y Ceará. Conclusión: los resultados refuerzan la necesidad de dirigir las estrategias de prevención del cáncer a los municipios de mayor incidencia.

Frequência e fatores associados à dislipidemia entre pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Frequency and factors associated with dyslipidemia among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus / Frecuencia y factores asociados con la dislipidemia entre las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Objetivo: avaliar a frequência e os fatores associados à dislipidemia em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2. Método: estudo transversal, desenvolvido com 45 pessoas diagnosticadas com diabetes e acompanhadas por uma Unidade Básica de Saúde. Foram investigadas variáveis sociodemográficas, relacionadas ao estilo de vida e referentes à análise do perfil lipídico. Resultados: a prevalência de dislipidemia foi de 82,2%, significativamente associada ao sexo feminino (p=0,005), ao tabagismo (p=0,002) e ao sedentarismo (p=0,050). Nos componentes da dislipidemia, as taxas de colesterol total, triglicérides e LDL se mostraram elevados em 68,9%, 57,8%, 11,1%, respectivamente. Já a taxa de HDL se mostrou diminuída em 2,2% dos investigados. Conclusão: a prevalência de dislipidemia mostrou-se elevada nos pacientes analisados. A existência de associação significativa entre a ocorrência de dislipidemia e variáveis como o sexo feminino, os hábitos de tabagismo e sedentarismo chama a atenção para a necessidade de melhores condutas para essa população

Objective: to evaluate the frequency and factors associated with dyslipidemia in people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Method: cross-sectional study, carried out with 45 people diagnosed with diabetes and followed up at a Basic Health Unit. Sociodemographic variables related to lifestyle and related to lipid profile analysis were investigated. Results: the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 82.2%, significantly associated with female gender (p = 0.005), smoking (p = 0.002) and sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.050). The components of dyslipidemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins were elevated in 68.9%, 57.8% and 11.1%, respectively. Conclusion: the prevalence of dyslipidemia was high in the patients analyzed. The existence of a significant association between the occurrence of dyslipidemia and different types of females, smoking habits and sedentary lifestyle calls attention to the need for better conduct for this population

Objetivo: evaluar la frecuencia y los factores asociados a la dislipidemia en personas con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Método: estudio transversal, desarrollado con 45 personas diagnosticadas con diabetes y acompañadas por una Unidad Básica de Salud. Se investigaron las variables sociodemográficas, de estilo de vida y de análisis del perfil lipídico. Resultados: la prevalencia de dislipidemia fue del 82,2%, asociada significativamente al sexo femenino (p=0,005), al tabaquismo (p=0,002) y al sedentarismo (p=0,050). En los componentes de la dislipidemia, las tasas de colesterol total, triglicéridos y lipoproteínas de baja densidad estaban elevadas en el 68,9%, 57,8% y 11,1%, respectivamente. Conclusión: la prevalencia de la dislipidemia fue elevada en los pacientes analizados. La existencia de una asociación significativa entre la ocurrencia de dislipidemia y variables como el sexo femenino, los hábitos de tabaquismo y el sedentarismo hace que se preste atención a la necesidad de mejores conductas para esta población

Spatial analysis of suicide in northeastern Brazil and associated social factors / Análisis espacial del suicidio en el nordeste de Brasil y factores sociales asociados / Análise espacial do suicídio no nordeste do Brasil e fatores sociais associados

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the spatial pattern of mortality due to suicide and social factors associated with its occurrence. Method: an ecological study that used data from the Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, SIM) from 2008 to 2018. The unadjusted and Bayesian mean mortality rates were calculated for each northeastern municipality and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) non-spatial and spatial regression models were used. Results: the highest mortality rates due to suicide are especially concentrated in the municipalities of Piauí and Ceará. The predictive variables of suicide were as follows: Gini Index (p<0.001), unemployment rate ≥ 18 years old (p<0.001), Municipal Human Development Index (p<0.001), illiteracy rate ≥ 18 years old (p<0.001), per capita income (p<0.001), percentage of people in homes with inadequate walls (p=0.003), percentage of people in homes with inadequate water supply and sewage (p<0.001), and percentage of people vulnerable to poverty who commute for more than one hour to work (p<0.001). Conclusion: eight predictive variables of mortality due to suicide in the Northeast region were identified that act as risk or protective factors, depending on the municipality under study.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el patrón espacial de la mortalidad por suicidio y los factores sociales asociados a su ocurrencia. Métodos: estudio ecológico que utilizó datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) de 2008 a 2018. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad media bruta y bayesiana para cada municipio del noreste y se utilizaron los modelos de regresión no espacial de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (OLS) y el modelo de regresión espacial geográficamente ponderado (GWR). Resultados: las mayores tasas de mortalidad por suicidio se concentran, especialmente, en las ciudades de Piauí y Ceará. Las variables predictoras de suicidio fueron: índice de Gini (p<0,001), tasa de desempleo ≥ 18 años (p<0,001), Índice de Desarrollo Humano Municipal (p<0,001), tasa de analfabetismo ≥ 18 años (p<0,001), renta per cápita (p<0,001), porcentaje de personas en hogares con paredes inadecuadas (p=0,003), porcentaje de personas en hogares con suministro de agua y saneamiento inadecuado (p<0,001) y porcentaje de personas vulnerables a la pobreza que demoran más de una hora en llegar al trabajo (p<0,001). Conclusión: se identificaron ocho variables predictoras de mortalidad por suicidio en el Nordeste que actúan como factores de riesgo o protectores, según el municipio investigado.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o padrão espacial da mortalidade por suicídio e fatores sociais associados à sua ocorrência. Métodos: estudo ecológico que utilizou dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) no período de 2008 a 2018. As taxas médias de mortalidade brutas e bayesianas foram calculadas para cada município nordestino e os modelos de regressão não espacial Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) e espacial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) foram utilizados. Resultados: as maiores taxas de mortalidade por suicídio concentram-se, especialmente, em municípios do Piauí e Ceará. As variáveis preditoras do suicídio foram: Índice de Gini (p<0,001), taxa de desocupação ≥ 18 anos (p<0,001), Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (p<0,001), taxa de analfabetismo ≥ 18 anos (p<0,001), renda per capita (p<0,001), percentual de pessoas em domicílios com paredes inadequadas (p=0,003), percentual de pessoas em domicílios com abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário inadequados (p<0,001) e percentual de pessoas vulneráveis à pobreza que gastam mais de uma hora até o trabalho (p<0,001). Conclusão: foram identificadas oito variáveis preditoras da mortalidade por suicídio no Nordeste que agem como fatores de risco ou de proteção, dependendo do município investigado.

Physiological impact of the environment on the welfare of transgenic goats raised in a tropical climate.

The present study evaluated the general welfare state of two strains of transgenic goats bred in a region with a hot and humid tropical climate. Nine females were used, being three transgenic for human lysozyme (hLZ group), three transgenic for human glucocerebrosidase (hGCase group), and three non-transgenic (control group). The temperature and humidity index (THI) were recorded during the morning, afternoon, and evening. The physiological parameters measured were respiratory rate, heart rate, and rectal and vaginal temperatures. Venous blood samples were collected using Vacutainer® tubes containing 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Also, analysis of erythrogram, leukogram, and some biochemical parameters of serum was performed. It was observed that the afternoon shift presented the largest THI, being potentially more impactful on the physiology of animals. In general, respiratory and heart rates were higher in transgenic animals, especially in the hLZ group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Regarding the hematological parameters, the quantification of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the hGCase group compared to that in the hLZ and control. The leukocyte count was considerably lower (P < 0.05) in the hLZ group compared to that in the hGCase and control. Correlation analysis showed that the increase in THI was associated with a change in physiological parameters normally used as indicators of thermal stress. Despite the differences found among the experimental groups, all the physiological parameters remained within the normal limits recommended for the goat species. Further studies involving a larger number of animals from different categories should be carried out to elucidate the impacts that transgenesis can have on animal welfare under different THI conditions.

Endoscopic and Histopathological Findings of the Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum in Patients with Crohn's Disease from a Reference Center in Bahia, Brazil.

(1) The aim of the present study was to describe the endoscopic and histopathological findings in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum in patients with Crohn's disease. (2) Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that included patients receiving treatment from the inflammatory bowel disease outpatient clinic. Esophagogastroduodenoscopies with biopsies of the stomach and proximal duodenum were performed. Presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria was assessed by Giemsa staining. (3) Results: We included 58 patients. Erosive esophagitis was identified in 25 patients (43.1%), gastritis was diagnosed in 32 patients (55.2%) and erosive duodenitis was found in eight (13.8%). The most frequent histopathological finding in the H. pylori-positive group was increased inflammatory activity in the gastric body and antrum, with a predominance of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. In turn, the most frequent finding in the H. pylori-negative group was chronic inflammation with predominance of mononuclear cells. Focally enhanced gastritis was identified in four patients (6.9%), all of whom were negative for H. pylori. Granulomas were not observed. H. pylori infection was present in 19 patients (32.8%). (4) Conclusions: Nonspecific endoscopic and histological findings were frequent in patients with Crohn's disease. Focally enhanced gastritis was uncommon and observed only in H. pylori-negative patients. The time from the diagnosis, patient age, and therapy in use may have influenced the nondetection of epithelioid granuloma.

The adoption of the One Health approach to improve surveillance of venomous animal injury, vector-borne and zoonotic diseases in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil.

Public health institutions with sectorized structure and low integration among field teams, old-fashioned practices such as paper-based storage system, and poorly qualified health agents have limited ability to conduct accurate surveillance and design effective timely interventions. Herein, we describe the steps taken by the Zoonosis Control Center of Foz do Iguaçu (CCZ-Foz) in the last 23 years to move from an archaic and sectorized structure to a modern and timely surveillance program embracing zoonotic diseases, venomous animal injuries, and vector-borne diseases epidemiology under the One Health approach. The full implementation of the One Health approach was based on 5 axes: (1) merging sectorized field teams; (2) adoption of digital solutions; (3) health agents empowerment and permanent capacitation; (4) social mobilization; and (5) active surveys. By doing so, notifications related to zoonotic diseases and venomous animals increased 10 and 21 times, respectively, with no impairment on arbovirus surveillance (major concern in the city). Open sources database (PostgreSQL) and software (QGis) are daily updated and create real-time maps to support timely decisions. The adoption of One Health approach increased preparedness for endemic diseases and reemerging and emerging threats such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).